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WHERE WE LIVE 


A Home Geography 

GENERAL EDITION 


BY 

EMI LIE V. JACOBS 


Supervising Principal of the Richardson 1^. Wright School, 

Philadelphia 


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PHILADELPHIA 

CHRISTOPHER SOWER COMPANY 
124 North Eighteenth Street 


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Copyright, 1913, 1914, by 
Christopher Sower Company 


MAY -2 1914 


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©C1.A36 9!)22 




CONTENTS 


^ 

PAGE 


Foreword 5 

Introduction 7 

FART ONE 

I. Our School 11 

II. The Streets 17 

III. The Buildings 22 

IV. The City as a Whole 31 

V. The People 36 

VI. Industries and Occupations 42 

VII. Animals and Plants 46 

VIII. Transportation and Communication - • 50 

IX. Physiography of the City 54 

X. Direction 66 


PART TWO 


I. The Earth as a Whole 73 

II. The Seasons 79 

III. The Zones 82 

IV. North America 93 

V. Countries op North Americ^ 100 

VI. Trips 105 


3 


MAPS 


PAGE 

I. The Western Hemisphere 74-75 

Jl. The Eastern Hemisphere 74-75 

III. The World 82 

IV. Surface Map of North America 96 

V. North America 100 

4 




FOREWORD 


Oncie upon a time as four blind men sat by the roadside they lieard 
the tramp of an elephant’s feet, and said one to another, “ Here comes an 
elephant; now we shall know what he is like.” The first blind man put 
out his hand and touched the elephant’s broad side. The second took hold 
of a leg. The third grasped a tusk, and the fourth clutched the animars 
tail. 

“Now do you know what an ele})hant looks like?” asked a friend. 

“Yes,” cried the first. “The elephant is broad and flat like a barn 
door.” 

“ What !” exclaimed the second. “ The elephant is big and round like 
the trunk of a tree.” 

“Not so!” cried the third. “The ele{)hant is hard and smooth like a 
polished stone.” 

“What are you all talking about?” cried the fourth, 
is just like a piece of rope.” 

Much so-called teaching of geography leads to just such incom])lete and 
fantastic ideas about geographical concepts. Very many children have 
only vague, incomplete and incorrect conceptions of the things they see. 
Like these physically and mentally blind men we are too often satisfied 
with mere wordy descriptions of subjects when we might study the subject 
at first hand if we would. 

This little book is intended to prevent the giving of information by 
description, but to suggest ways of directing attention to those things which 
lie within reach of the child’s senses, things w hich he might pass by, things 
w’hich are needed now to stimulate an intelligent interest in his surround- 
ings, things w^hich are needed later for an appreciation and enjoyment of 
his study of the larger facts and concepts of geography. If the larger 
geographical concepts are to have accuracy and richness for the child he 

must have his attention directed to his surroundings. The trite expression 

5 


“ The elephant 


6 


FOREWORD 


^‘from the known to the iinknow.n” is good pedagogy, hut there must be a 
‘‘ known on which to build. 

The book is based upon the author’s actual experience in the class-room 
studying the children at their geography tasks. It has been her experi- 
ence that the efforts of the teachers to build broad geographical concepts 
were of no avail because the pupils did not have accurate intimate knowl- 
edge of the necessary home geography upon which to build. To correct 
this defect she set about collecting and classifying the necessary material. 
With the use of this material she not only found that the class teachers 
had much less difficulty in presenting the study of the earth as a whole, 
but that an interest beyond all expectation was a|)parent in the children. 

The following pages are valuable more on account of the things they 
suggest than for any geographical facts which they incidentally present. 
The book is not a text-book on geogra])hy ; it is a compendium of sug- 
gestion on the study of the subject. It makes little effort to present facts, 
but rather it tells how to gather, classify and study facts. It is intended 
to be used with children during the age when they especially delight in 
the making of collections, and is intended to turn to a definite use this 
childish instinct. 

Map study is based entirely upon the child’s experiences as he makes 
plans of his schoolroom, school house, streets and city. The suggestions 
regarding the study of things foreign to the child are based entirely upon 
his experience in the study of the types with which he has become familiar 
in his study of his surroundings. 

Milton- C. Cooper, 

Superintendent of District Nine, Philadelphia. 


i 


INTRODUCTION 


Geographical knowledge should progress from the known to the 
unknown, from the familiar to the unfamiliar. The world is the home of 
mankind. We can best understand the larger world by a preliminary 
consideration of our own small intimate home. We therefore begin to 
study geography with an account of the child’s immediate environment. 
The school stands for the common home of the class. From the school we 
gradually widen out our teaching to include the surrounding streets and 
buildings, and finally the whole city. 

We study the various types of people whom we meet in our city, and 
the industries in which they engage in their efforts to obtain the three main 
necessities of human life, — food, clothing and shelter. The animals and 
plants sharing the world with man and contributing to his sustenance next 
focus our attention. 

The home city has peculiar physiographical features distinguishing it 
from other cities and influencing the life of its inhabitants. The land and 
water divisions in the immediate environment are studied as types, while 
those not closely related to our home are reserved for consideration as each 
one occurs in its local geographical place in the course of study. 

We must know something of direction in order to conveniently locate 
the streets, buildings and physiographical features near our home. Finally, 
we will try to realize the great size of the earth, of which our home is but 
a small portion, by a consideration of the relationship of our city to the 
rest of the world and to some of this world’s great diversities. 

As geography is a study of cause and effect, the early lessons should be 
mainly oral. Later, in order to obtain a. broad knowledge of geographical 
data, not one but many books should be read. This little book aims to 
serve as a bridge between the oral lesson and the descriptive text-book. 
The presentation of many questions leads the pupil to think out cause and 
effect, and to connect his present knowledge with the realm of the unknown. 
Special care has been exercised to present facts only when facts are abso- 

7 


8 


INTRODUCTION 


lutely necessary, and only after allowing the pu})!! the opportunity to first 
exercise his own reasoning faculties in obtaining the information. 

The excursion is an essential part of every geography course, and every 
effort should be made to use this effective means of teaching. 

Four types of valuable exercises may be suggested in the use of this 
book: 

1. The pupils may read the questions orally and give the answers 
orally. 

2. Tliey may read the questions silently, answering them orally. 

d. They may read the (luestions orally and write the answers. 

4. Finally, they may silently read the questions and write the answers. 

All definitions have been carefully avoided as tending to hamper the 
free ac(|uisition of ideas. 

PART I 


1. The School. 

2. The Streets. 

3. The Buildings. 

4. The City as a Whole. 
6. The People. 


TOPICS 

6. The Industries. 

7. The Animals and Plants. 

8. Transportation and Communication. 
1). The Physiography of the City. 

10. Direction. 

PART II 


1. The Earth as a Whole. 

2. The Seasons. 

3. The Climatic Zones. 

4. North America. 


PAllT ONE 



THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON. 




WHERE WE LIVE-A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


CHAPTER I 

OUR SCHOOL 

1 

. What is the name of our seliool ? 
Where have you seen this name ? 



A CITY SCHOOL. 


Why was this name given to our sehool ? 

On what streets does our sehool stand ? 

How long have you been attending this school? 

See how much you have noticed as you came here 

each day. Tell what you can remember of the dif- 

11 



12 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


fcrent parts of the building which can be seen from 
the street. Describe each of the following parts : 

Walls Roof 

Windows Chimneys 

Doors Fire-escape 

2 

As yon look at the school from the outside what 
materials do you see that the builders have used? 
Where have' they needed stone, slate, glass, tin, iron, 
steel, wood? 

Now let us think of the garden and ])laygroiind. 
Tell about the dilierent j)arts and the materials that 
have been used in making them. 

What great numbers of workmen were needed 
before a school like ours could be built ! Who j)ro- 
cured the stone and the slate? Whose work was 
needed to obtain the iron, the steel and the tin? 
Who made the glass? Whieh workmen shall we 
thank for the wood ? 

Can you think how the bare lot looked before the 
sehool was built ? Many men with shovels and piek- 
axes dug out the foundation, and numbers of horses 
and wagons were needed to carry out the earth. 

Then came tlie builders. How were so many mate- 

«/ 

rials brought here? 

3 

1. We will go outdoors together and look at the 
school building. 


OUR SCHOOL 


13 


2. We Avill stand north of the school, south, east 
and west of it. Notice the position of the parts, their 
number, shape, size and color. 

3. As we stand at each side, see whether there are 
any parts which you never noticed before or any parts 
which we forgot to mention yesterday. 

Look at this drawing of a school building and 
grounds. It is called a plan. Before any school or 


NORTH 



church or home is built a plan must be diawn. This 
is to show the workmen Avhat to do. See how much 
of the ground is used for the building. Find the 
garden. What are in the gai’den? Which is larger, 
the garden or the playground ? What shape is the 



14 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


playground ? How inany doors are there to the 
building? In how many ways can you get into the 
playground ? 

Try to draw a plan of your school building and 
yard, showing the gates, the flagpole, the drinking 
fountains and any other parts you think of. Show 
which door you use most. 

Note to the Teacher . — The pupils should draw the plan upon paper 
while the teacher draws it upon the blackboard. Infinite care should be 
exercised to invest every line with its full meaning. Upon the proper 
interpretation of this first plan will depend much of the pupil’s future 
ability to correctly read a map as the representation of a reality. 

5 

THE INSIDE OF THE SCHOOL 

As you walk from the school-gate up to your room 
what do you see ? Tell all that you have noticed in 
the corridors, on the staircases, in the cloak-rooms and 
the class-rooms. 

6 

We will go on a little excursion through the school 
today, walking along all of the corridors and upon 
all of the staircases. Look es]iecially to see anything 
that you never saw before, and notice anything that 
you forgot to mention in yesterday’s description. 

7 

Answer the following questions: 

1. How many stories high is our school? 

2. How many class-rooms are on each floor? 


OUR SCHOOL 


15 


3. How many other rooms are on each floor ? 

4. How many staircases does our school have ? 

t/ 

5. What materials have been used in building the 
staircases ? 

6. What can be seen in the corridor nearest your 
room ? 


7. By how many doorways can the childien leave 
the building ? 

8. How is your school heated and ventilated ? 


8 

Describe every- 
thing that you can 
see in your class- 
room. 

9 

Look at this 
plan of a school- 
room. See if you 
can draw a plan of 
your school-room. 

10 

Make a list of all 


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PLAN OF SCHOOL ROOM 


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the materials that have been used in building the inside 
of your school. Eemember all of the following parts : 


Floors M^indows Corridor furnishings 

Ceilings Doors Class-room furnishings 

Walls Staircases 


IG 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


Now write a list of the kinds of workmen who 
gktliered togetlier these mnteiials. Name as many 
of the kinds of woi’kmen as von ean think of wlio 
were engaged on the inside work of the building. 

11 

Write a letter to anyone whom you know who 
lives outside of onr city. Tell all about onr fine 
school building and the good workmen by whom it 
was jdanned and built. 


CHAPTER II 

THE STREETS 

1 

• On Avhat streets does your school stand ? 

On what street do you live? 

What streets do you pass on your way home ? 

What do you think is the finest ‘ street that you 
have ever seen in your city? What makes that so 
good a street ? 

Name a poor street. What could be done to 
improve it? 

2 

Why do we have streets? Can you think of any 
place where people live Avhere there are no streets? 

Look at the countiy picture shown on page 
19. How j)retty it is ! When would it be pleas- 
ant to walk there ? When would it not be so 
pleasant? Why? What must be done to a road 
to make it into a srood street? Tell what vou can 
of the different ways of paving, lighting and draining 
a street, and of the different kinds of name-signs you 
have seen. 

Now what can be done to make a street beautiful 

and pleasant in warm weather? 

2 


17 


18 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


How can boys and girls help to keep the streets 
pleasant ? 

Here is a plan of some of the streets in a city. 


NORTH 



SOUTH 

PLAN OF CITY STREETS. 


start from your house and 
how you come to school. 


3 

Draw the shape of the 
school lot. Now show the 
' streets that the school 
stands upon. Now draw 
one street beyond eaeh of 
those streets, and then an- 
other street beyond each 
one again. If you have 
not yet drawn the street 
where you live, keep on 
drawing streets till you 
come to your street. Place 
a little cross to show your 
home. With your pencil 
make a dotted line to show 



4 

On your jilan of the neighborhood place a circle 
to show the giocery store oi‘ l>akery that you ])ass on 
your way to school. Make a large dot to show the 
nearest drug store to school, and with a dotted line 
ex])lain how yon would go there from school if your 
teacher sent you for a stamp. Make a circle with a 


THE STREETS 


19 


cross in it to show wliere there is a church, a 
bank, a factory, or any other important building 
near your school. If there is a railroad near, show 
it upon your plan. 



A COUNTRY HOME. 


5 

Many city streets have tlie names of trees, 
have been named after great and good men. 


Some 

There 



20 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


arc otlier streets with only miiiibers for names. Do 
you know of any streets having names of these dif- 
ferent kinds ? Can you think of any street that re- 
ceived its name for some otlier reason ? 



A CITY STREET. 

(Copyright, 1911, William H. Ran, Philadelphia.) 


Get as many pictures of the streets of your city as 
you can and paste them in your note-book with the 
plan of the streets you drew. 


In some cities the 
cross each othei' like 


6 

streets are nearly straight and 
the wires of a window-screen. 


THE STREETS 


21 


In other cities the streets run off from the centre of 
the city like the spokes of a wheel. Some cities have 
very crooked streets. 

How are the streets in our city arranged? Name 
some of our finest business streets. Which streets 
have the finest homes in which people live? Name 
some streets with street car lines. How are our 
streets paved? 



, WllAT 

to school ? 



inds of buildings do you pass on your way 
Write a list of all the kinds that you have 


ever seen. 

Look at the pictures of buildings in this book and 
sec if you know for what each is used. How can you 
tell ? 


Of all the hundreds of buildings in the city, the 
houses are the most innwrtant. It is more necessary 
to have good homes to live in than to have the other 
buildings large or beautiful. What makes a good resi- 
dence? There must be enough room for the whole fam- 
ily. It needs plenty of light, air, sunshine and water. 
It must have a good roof tn keep it dry in stormy 
weather. It should l)e well heated in the cold winter. 
Tell of other things that are needed in our homes to 
keep the family healthy and happy. How can you 
help to make your home pleasant ? 


3 

Good schools, too, are very necessary. The school- 

house must be built to keep the boys and girls com- 

22 


THE BUILDINGS 


23 



A STREET SCENE IN NEW YORK. 


fortable and healthy while at work. Name some of 
the things needed for a good school building. 

4 

The libraries and museums also teach people. A 


24 


A HOME GEUGKAl'lJY 


Ubrary is like a home wliere many friendly teachers 
live. These friends will talk to you and tell you many 
useful and wonderful things. Have you ever visited 
them at the library? Have you ever taken any of 
them home with you? Which libi’ary is nearest to 
our school ? 

The museums arc full of many interesting objects. 
You may see beautiful i)ictures and statuary. Some 
have collections of pretty stones and of stuffed animals. 
Curious clothing, jewelry, toys and musical instruments 
used by peoi)le in distant lands arc shown too. In a 
museum in Portland you may see the dear little cloth- 
ing worn by the poet Longfellow when he was a tiny 
baby. Many books that Washington read are kept in 
a museum near the city of Washington. Have you vis- 
ited a museum in our city? What did you see there? 

5 

No buildings in any city are more beautiful than 
the churches. Are there any churches in your neigh- 
borhood ? Describe the church which you attend. 

6 

In every large city there are many ill peoj)le who 
cannot be cared for at home. They go to hospitals to 
be nursed back to health and strength. The good 
doctors and nurses work day and night to cure the 
sick people. How can well people help sick people? 


THE BUILDINGS 


25 


Where are the hosjiitals in your eity? 
named? 


What are thev 

t/ 



INDEPENDENCE HALL. 


■ 7 

Every city has a Cifj/ Hall or Court House. Here 
the mayor has his office. Where is this building: in 
our city? What is it used for? Sometimes. the City 
Hall has a high tower, or a line dome, or a cupola. 
What does our City Hall look like ? 


8 


Think of the many stores in our city. How many 



26 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


kinds can you name? What does eaeli sell prinei- 
pally? Where are these things made? Name some 
large factories in your city. What do they manufac- 
ture ? 



PITTSBURGH OBSERVATORY. 


It would be tine if all of the buildings in which 
folks work were sunny, airy and clean. Peo})le em- 
ployed in comfortable stores and factories are happy 
and feel like working. 

Alas ! there are many miserable places where the 
workmen are crowded and uncomfortable. The impure 
air makes them tired and ill. If you have seen a good 
store or factory, tell what helps to keep the workers 
comfortable and healthy. 




THE BUILDINGS 


27 


9 

Old cities have in them many very old buildings 
that all Americans love. The .magniticent Capitol at 
Washington was built long ago. It is one of tlie finest 
buildings in the world. It is built of white marble. 
In the picture notice the beautiful dome and the great 
liigh stairs. In Philadel])hia is the dear old Inde- 
pendence Hall with the Liberty Bell. Boston has the 
old Faneiiil Hall. Here many great Americans of 
long ago have spoken to the people. Are there any 
old historic buildings in our city? 



LONGf'ELLOW’s BIRTHPLACE, PORTLAND, MAINE. 


■ 10 

Suppose some friends travel on the railroad to visit 
us. At what railroad station might the train arrive ? 
Where are the other stations? How are they built? 


28 


A HOME (iEOORAI'HY 


Do you think they give a beautiful, eleau, tViendly wcl* 
come to strangers? All slations should be pleasant 
and comfortable to cheer the tired tiavelers that pass 
tlirough them day and night. At Denver, just out- 
side of the station, there is a great arch stretching 

across the street. It 


savs, “Welcome,” in 
briaht letters at 

o 

night and in pretty 
letters in the dav. 

t.' 

The visitor is glad 
to see the friendly 
word after a long 
trip. 

11 

When friends 
come from another 
city, we like to show 
them the sights. Plan a nice trip around the town. 
Write a list of places to which you would take them. 
You must know where each place is. What could you 
tell about each })lace ? 



OLD SOUTH CHURCH, BOSTON. 


12 

One day we should visit the j)arks. Which would 
you choose? Why? Are there any interesting build- 
ings or statuary in the parks ? Is there any water 
near bv ? 



THE BUILDINGS 


29 


Wlien we visit one of our parks we should remem- 
ber that it belongs to us, for it belongs to the people 
of our citv. Do you not like to have the things that 
belong to you as good, as useful and as beautiful as 
possible ? Do you want your home to look sweet and 
clean and comfortable, or dirty, careless and unpleas- 



WINTER SCENE IN FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

ant? Do you want your clothing to be strong, neat 
and pretty, or torn and dirty? We should all tal^e 
pride in having the things we own just as good as 
possible. When you are in the street, the school, any 
public building, or in a park, say to yourself, “This is 
mine.” Then look around and see whether you like 
the way it looks. Think how you can hel]i to keep it 
looking well or make it look even better. 


.10 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


IIow can boys ami gii'ls keep the grass, the 
paths, the llower-beds, the trees and the buildings 
beautiful ? Where does the money eoine from to pay 
the caretakers of the park ? 

Some people visit the park only in spring, summer 
or autumn. We all love the park in those seasons. 
Many do not know how beautiful the bare trees look 
in winter with their gray or brown branches. There 
is no more exquisite sight in the Morld than to see 
these trees coated with glistening ice out to the tiniest 
twig, or to see them ridged vath pearly white snow. It 
is a merry sight to see the jolly coasters and skaters. 


13 

Copy the list of buildings given below and mark 
each kind that yon have seen. Tell where yon saw it, 
of what it was built, or for what it was used. 


Residence 

Store 

Bank 

h’actoiT 

Stable 


School 

Church 



Riiilroad station 
Government building 


Museum 

Car-barn 

Library" 

Office 

Garage 


What building is shown on the cover of this book 


y 


CHAPTER lY 

THE CITY AS A WHOLE 

1 

Think of the pictures that you saw with the 
exhibition lantern yesterday. 

1. What riyers did you see ? 



CAPITOL AT HARRISBURG. 


2. Which buildings did you think were yery 
beautiful ? 

3. What w as each used for? 


31 



82 


A IIOMK GKOGKAVIIY 


4. Wliat liave we in our city that does miieli 
good for tlie i>eoi)le ? 

5. Which of the places that were shown in the 
pictures liave you ever visited ? 

6. What places would you like to visit? 

2 


PREPARATION FOR A TRIP TO SOME OBSERVATORY, TOWER, 
OR ROOF-GARDEN FROM WHICH AN EXTENSIVE VIEW 
OF THE CITY CAN BE SEEN 


What place shall we visit? Why? Draw a plan 
to include the school and the place to be visited. 

How many blocks must we go? Shall we ride or 
walk? In what directions shall we go? 

When we are up high we can look over the city. 
First, we will try to find our school. In what direc- 
tion shall we need to face ? Then let us notice what 

lies between us and our school. See if vou can find 

«/ 

any jiarks or large buildings which you know. Try 
to find the street upon Avhich your home stands. 
Then we shall look bcA^ond our school for anv familiar 

ty •/ 


buildings or parks, and look for your street if you did 
not see it before. Notice Iioav far tlie city stretches 
and trv to sec Avhat cuts it off or bounds it. 


Next we shall turn and look in tlie oiiposite direc- 
tion. What direction will that be? Find anv familiar 
places. lIoAV can you knmv Avhich are homes, schools, 
churches or factories? Sec how far the city extends 
and what cuts olf or bounds it on this side. 


THE CITY AS A WHOLE 


33 


In what other directions shall we look? Again 
we shall notice the familiar and unfamiliar places and 
the city boundaries. 

3 

THE TRIP 

4 

W as the view of the city like what you expected ? 

What surprised you? What did we see most of? 

Make a list of all the places you remember seeing. 

Think of each view separately ; north, south, east and 

west. Tell of anything you saw as you looked in 

each direction. Whv could we see so much ? How 

• / 

could we see even farther? 

# 

5 

What does the name of our city mean ? Do we 
live in a very large city or in a small town ? Who 
first settled in the place which has grown to be our 
citv? It is hard for us to believe that two hundred 
and fiftv vears a2:o there were no houses, churches, 
schools or even streets where the city now stands. 
All this land was wild country, mostly woods. The 
early settlers were strong and brave men. They had 
to cut down the forests and build their first homes of 
rough logs. Then they planted fields with corn, 
wheat and vegetables. They killed the wild animals 
for food, using the skins for clothing. As soon as 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 


From a “ Thistle ” Print 


(Copyright, Detroit Publishing Co.) 





THE CITY AS A WHOLE 


35 


possible the settlers tried to build a small plain 
church and a school-house. 

Now w'e have our tine city, which has grown from 
the early work of these first sturdy settlers. All of 
the people should love our dear home city and try to 



Columbus's ship. 


make it beautiful, healthful and comfortable. We 
shoidd love our city neighbors and treat them like 
brothers and sisters. If we are true to the good 
name of our dear city we will be kind and fair to all, 
rich and poor, Americans and foreigners, white and 
colored people. That is one way of showing our 
thankfulness for our splendid city. 



CHAPTER V 

THE PEOPLE 

1 

Think of the hundreds of houses which you saw as 
you looked over the city. There are people living in 
nearly all of those houses. Just think of the many, 
many people who live here. How many are there? 
How many schools have we in the city ? How many 
people go to your school ? 

Most of these people look much alike, but some 
are very different in appearance. Name some of the 
diffei'ent kinds of people whom you have seen. How 
do you distinguish a negro and Chinaman or Mongo- 
lian from a white jierson or Caucasian ? Tell about 
their hair, skin or any other peculiar features. 

Each kind of people is called a race. The pictures 
show some of the races we often see — Caucasian, Mon- 
golian and negro. The Chinese and Ja]ianese are 
called Mongolians. 

2 

THE INDIANS 

The Indians lived at this place which is now a city 
long before there were any white people here or any 
citv at all. Where these hundreds of biiildinQ:s stand 
there was wild country, tields and woods. Undei' the 

36 


THE PEOPLE 


37 


trees stood the Indian Avigwains made of skins and 
branches. The early settlers came to this country from 
far across the ocean. After William Penn landed with 



AN INDIAN FAMILY. 


his companions he began at once to make friends with 
the Indians. As the red men were living upon the 
land, Penn thought that it was only fair and honest 
to buy from them the land that the English people 
wanted for their homes. The Indians could not use 
money, so he gave them blankets and other presents 






38 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



which pleased them very much. The Indians prom- 
ised William Penn to live in peaee with the white 
men and they kept their promise for many years. 

Most of the white 


people who came 
in those early days 
to other parts of 
our land did not 
aet in this noble 
way. When they 
wanted land on 
which to build their 
homes they drove 
the Indians away, 
killing many of 
them. Thus these 
unjustly treated In- 
dians became the 
enemies of the 
white men, and 
often treated them 
very cruelly in return. Let us remember that the 
Indians were the first owners of this land of ours and 
that they should be treated as William Penn showed 
us, with kindness and justice. 

Those wild Indians of long ago had many noble 
traits. They were strong and brave and fearless. 


INDIAN CHIEF. 


Read in some of your school books about Indians and their home?. 



THE PEOPLE 


39 


3 

THE NEOKOES 

There were no negroes in this country till many 
years after Columbus and the other white men began 
to settle here. Some Avhite men went far across the 
sea to Africa. . They stole 
• the negroes away from 
their homes, carried them 
to their ships and sailed 
back to this country. 

Then these white men 
sold the negroes to other 
men for money. The poor 
colored men had to work 
terribly hard as slaves 
and received no pay for 
their work. At last thev 
were treed by Abraham 
Lincoln and others who 
helped him. 

The negroes have much 
that is fine in their char- 
acter. Even when they were slaves they often grew 
to love their masters so dearly that they would do 
anything in the world, even give up their lives, for 
their masters. The negroes have been treated with 
frightful cruelty by many of the white people, and yet 
those colored people have been wonderfully patient 



40 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


and cheerful through all of the hard times. We 
should always remember that God made the ne2:ro 
as well as the white man. The colored boy could 
not choose his skin and hair any more than you could 
choose yours. Fair-minded people will try to be 
honest, kind and just to the negroes. 



4 

THE CHINfiSE 

Many Chinamen 
have come to our 
country from their 
distant homes in 
China. Their coun- 
try is so crowded, 
and it is so hard 
to earn a living 
there, that most of 
the people are very 
poor. 

The Chinese liv- 
ing in our country 
are peaceful and 

CHINESE MANDARIN AND SERVANT. quiet. They work 

very hard in their 
laundries and other places of business ; yet there are 
many white people so cruel and thoughtless as to rid- 
icule a Chinaman whenever they see one. These white 
people should remember that God made the China- 


THE PEOPLE 


41 


man and that he is a stranger here in our country. 
Is it not even worse to ill-treat a stranger than one 
who is at home ? The color of our skin and hair is 
not very important. It matters far more whether we 
are lionest, loving, industrious and fair-minded. The 
negi‘0, Indian and Chinese boys or girls are just as 
good as white boys or girls if they try to do what is 
riffht. 


I 


CHAPTER VI 

INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 

1 

Which iiiCHibers of your family work? Why do 
they woi'k ? For what is the money they earn spent ? 
Think which of these things are absolutely necessary 
to keep us alive. 

We all need food. 

We all need clothing. 

We all need homes or shelter. 

Without these provisions we should die. 

How do we get our food, our clothing and our 
homes ? How did people get them when there were 
no stores and no money ? Do you know of any peo- 
ple who were compelled to get things in this way ? 

Ill a school reader, read about how primitive people lived. 

2 

THE SOIL 

We have two kinds of food, vegetable food, which 
grows from the ground, and animal food. Name 
some foods of each kind. All plants grow out of the 
earth or soil. The soil is necessary to produce our 
animal food also. The meat we eat comes from 
sheep, cows, chickens and other animals. These ani- 
mals all live on vegetable food. Without good soil 

4 ? 


INJ>USTK1ES AND OCCUPATIONS 


43 


there would be no grass nor hay. No grass would 
mean no food for cows and sheep. So we see that all 
of our food really conies fi'oni the soil. 

Our clothing, too, is dependent upon the soil. 
The cotton plant grows up out of the ground. The 
wool conies from the sheep, which eats grass which 
' grows from the ground. 

Even our homes could not be built without prod- 
ucts from the earth or soil. Think how much wood 
is used in the construction of a house. The trees 
which grow in the soil give us all the wood. Much 
iron, steel, copper, brass and nickel are used in our 
homes. Stones and bricks form part of many houses. 
All of these things come out of the earth. What a 
wonderful thing is the soil! Out of it come our 
food, our clothing and our shelter! 

In one of yours books read the wonderful story of how we obtain a 
loaf of bread. 


Write a list of all the kinds of work you can think 
of which city people do. 

Copy this list of city industries and place a cross 
beside the ones at which our city people work : 


3 


Mining 

Weaving 

Shipbuilding 


Printing and bookmaking 
Iron and steel work 
Glass-blowing 


Locomotive building Pottery making 


44 


A HOME GEOGKAl’HY 


Brickinaking Meat packing 

Automobile building Manufacturing leather 

Manufacturing foods Manufacturing clothing 

M an u f ac t u r i n g f u r n i t u r e 

4 

W^e will go to-morrow to visit a factory in which 
some food or clothing is manufactured. Look at the 
map of the city. Find your school. Find the factory. 
How far will we go and in what direction ? Mliat is 
the name of the place we will visit? Notice all of 
the thinsys made there. Try to remember all of the 

CJ 

materials needed at the factory, and find out Ayhere 
these materials come from. Try to remember just 
how the articles are made. Find out what Ayill be 
done with the things that are manufactured. Notice 
the number and kinds of machines used. See how 
many workmen are employed. 

5 

AFTER THE TRIP 

Write a letter to a friend in another class telling 
all about your visit. Mention these points : 

1. Where you went. 

2. What was made. 

» 

3. How it was made. 

4. The materials used. 

5 . The machinery. 

0. The workmen. 


INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 


45 


7 . The usefulness of the factory. 

8. The care and skill of the workmen. 

9. Anything else interesting about the trip. 

6 

• Our city is one of the world’s great Avorkshops. 
There are many workmen here that do good, careful 
work. Some of the goods manufactured in our city 
are sent thousands of miles away to other people Avho 
need them. Name some of the things which our 
workmen make for other people living at a distance 
from us. 

Read about the manufacture of the articles which you saw being made 
at the factory. 

7 

There are many workers in our city who do not 
make things with their hands. Most of their work 
is done with their minds, tliough, of course, their 
hands help too. Name some of these. What kind 
of work does each of the following do ? 

Teacher Lawyer Minister 

Doctor Author Banker 


CHAPTER VII 

ANIMALS AND PLANTS 

1 

There are many other living creatures in the city 
beside people. Write a list of all the kinds of ani- 
mals you have ever seen in this city. 



AMERICAN BUFFALO. 


Some of these animals live near the homes of men. 
They are tame. Men take care of them and see that 
they get food. Many of these animals are very useful 
to us. Write a list of these tame animals. At the 
top of the list write Domestic Animals. Of what use 

46 



ANIMALS AND PLANTS 


47 


is each of the following animals when alive? Which 
are useful after they are killed ? Of what use to man 
is each one ? 


Horse 

Pi O’ 

Chicken 

Cow 

Dog 

Duck 

Sheep 

Cat 

Pigeon. 


Read about how our meat is supplied to us. 

2 

Write a list of all the wi'kl animals you have 
seen in or near the city. Where did you see them ? 
How were they prevented 
from harming people? 

Where was the natural 
home of these animals? 

How did they get their 
food ? How do they now 
get their food ? 

Some of these ani- 
mals so closely resemble 
the domestic animals that 
they are said to belong to 
the same familv. Read 
the names of the animals belonging to the same fam- 
ily and tell in what way they resemble each other. 
Tell which are domestic and wliicli are wild. 



RACCOON. 



48 


A HOME GEOURAPHY 


THE CAT FAMILY 

Cat Lion Tiger Leopard 

THE DOG FAMILY 

Dog Fox Wolf 

THE HORSE FAMILY 

Horse Zebra 

THE cow FAMILY 

Cow Buffalo 

Describe some of these wild animals : 

Elephant 
Squirrel 
Bear 

There are also many 
fish, birds and insects. 

Paste in your notebook 
any pictures of animals. 

3 

Take a trip to the 
Zoological Gardens anil 
see these animals. 

Which domestic or wild animals are useful to us 
in olitaining food, clothing and shelter? 


Fox 

Wolf 

Deer 



LEOPARD. 



ANIMALS AND PLANTS 


49 


5 

PLANTS 

We cannot live without food, clothing and shelter. 
Let ns see how plants help us to obtain these three 
gieat necessities. 

Write a list of 
all the plants that 

YOU can name. 

%/ 

Draw a line 
under each that is 
useful for food. 

Draw two lines 
under each that is 
useful for clothing. 

Draw three lines 
under each that 
is useful in making 
or furnishing our 
homes or shelter. 

Of what use are the plants that are not under- 
lined ? Are they beautiful ? How dull the world 
would be without flowers ! 

We have : 

1. Food plants. 

2. Clothing plants. 

3. Shelter plants. 

4. Ornamental plants. 



CHAPTER VIII 

TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION 

1 

Think of the foods that you had on your dinner 
table yesterday. Where did each come fi'oin ? How 
did it get here? Was there anything which came 
from right here in the city, and which did not have 
to take a long journey either to the factory where it 
was manufactured or to the store Mdiere it was 
sold ? 

Examine the clothing yon are wearing. Of what 
material is each article made ? Where did the ma- 
terials come from? Where were thev nianufactured ? 

«/ 

Which had to come a long journey before it reached 
your home ? 

Look around the school-inom and name tlie mate- 
rials which had to travel a long distance before we 
could have them for onr use. 

Imagine trying to get onr food, our clothing and 
our shelter materials right here in the city. How 
much could we be sure of having? 

2 

Peril aj)s yon have seen ])rodncts being brought 
into the city. Yon may have seen the milk trains 
unloading their many shining cans. Surely you 

50 




TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION 


51 


have seen tlie freight cars with their signs painted 
on the outside telling that they are refrigerator uars, 
or coal cars, or other kinds of cars. What do they 
carry ? 

Most of the things we need are brought here 
on trains. Where are our largest freight railroad 
stations ? Where is the nearest station to our 
school ? 

Some products are brought from the country in 
wagons. You have 
seen the big hay 
wagons which have 
come a long way 
from some farm to 
bring food for the 
city horses. 

How else are 
products brought? 

Coffee, rubber, pep- 
per, chocolate and 

much silk are brought here from distant lands in 
ships. If you go to the harbor of a large city you 
can see hundreds of busy men unloading the big 
steamers. 

3 

Ships and railroads carry not only foods but j^eo- 
ple, too. There are many ways of carrying people 
and products. These are some of the ways : 



CHINESE TRANSPORTATION. 



52 


A HOAfK GEOGRAPHY 


1. On the backs of animals, as horses, camels, ele- 
phants. 


5. In trolley cars. 

6. In railroad 
trains. 

7. On boats, or 
ships. 

8. In sleighs. 

9. On bicycles. 

10. In airships. 

In which of these 

ways have you trav- 
eled ? Can you tell 
wliat power is used 
in each case? 

In order to travel safely and quickly Ave need 
more than something in which to carry the people 
and products. We must have good wagon roads, well 
built railroads, tunnels through the mountains, and 
bildges OA’er the rivers. Lighthouses are necessary 
to warn the vessels of the rocks at night or in the 
storms. 


2. In Avheelbarrows. 

3. In wagons. 

4. In automobiles. 



TRANSPORTATION IN ARABIA. 


4 

When people need things from a distance they 
cannot always go all the way to the ]>lace and bring 


TRANSPOKTATION AND COMMUNICATION 


53 


back tlic products or articles. It is (piicker and 
easier to send messages asking for what is needed. 
How would your mother send an order to the buteher 
for meat if she did not wish to go for it ? How could 
a farmer send a message to the eity ordering new milk 
cans and straw beriy boxes ? How do messages eonie 
to your house ? 

In olden days the persons had to earry all of their 
messages for themselves or send them by other per- 
sons. The messenger would often run for miles with- 
out resting so as to deliver the letters as soon as 
})ossible. At last the people decided to give all of 
their letters to a postman who would ride on horse- 
back from place to jilaee with the mail. Stage- 
coaehes were next used. It took a week for a eoaeh 
to go as far as a train ean go now in a few hours. 
Our mail is now carried from one eity to another by 
trains or vessels, and then the letter carriers deliver 
it at our houses. 

The quickest way to send a message is by eable, 
telegraph, telephone or wireless message. Over the 
electrie wires or thi’ough the air the words are flashed 
for miles in a few minutes. 


CHAPTER IX 

FAMILIAR SURFACE FEATURES 

1. Hill and j)lain. 3. Kiver. 

2. Mountain and valley. 4. Ocean. 

5. Island and peninsula. 

Note to the Teacher , — Consider at this time ouly such’ familiar features 
as belong to the children’s immediate environment in or very near their 
home city. Defer the study of the other land and water forms until later, 
as suggested in the Introduction. For further details of these features, see 
Chapters I and IV in Part II. 

1 

HILL AND PLAIN 

Some city streets are Hat and level. Others slope 
like hills. Can you name a street which is level, and 
one that slants or slopes ? Whicli street is easier to 
walk on ? Why ? Do you prefer the level or the slop- 
ing street when roller-skating ? Why ? Which is the 
best when you are coasting? 

You mav have noticed that some of the fields in 

t/ 

the park or in the country are nearly fiat. Other 
fields lie on slojies or hills. We call the fiat part of 
the land a lilain, whether it is in the city, or in the 
country. The sloping part of the land forms a hill. 
Have we mostly hills or plains in the streets of our 
city ? 


54 


FAMILIAR SURFACE FEATURES 


55 



2 

Some plains and some hills are covered with trees. 
If you were in the woods, surrounded by trees, how 
would you know' whether you were on a plain or on 
a hill y 

Some hills look very different from otliers. Some 
slope very gradually, while some are very steep. 


HILLS AND VALLEYS. 

Some hills have city streets on them. Others have 
great fields of grass for cow^s to graze upon. Still 
others are planted with corn, wheat, rye or vege- 
tables. There are Avooded hills covered with trees. 
How do Ave know that all of these verv different 
forms are hills? 




56 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


In the siiine way plains vary greatly. Wliile some 
have been made into city streets, otliei's are large, flat, 
glassy flelds, with streams sometimes flowing through 
them. Some plains are covered with forests. Others 
are jflanted with grain and vegetables. How can you 
know when you see a plain if there are so many differ- 
ent kinds? 

3 

Look through the iiictines in this book and decide 
which show hills and which show plains. Which is 
easier for a farmer to plow, a hill oi‘ a jilain ? Why? 

If you were sent ujxm an errand, would you choose 
to go by way of a hilly street or a level street ? Which 
is the pleasantest jilace for a summer home, upon a 
hill or upon a plain ? 

How must a driver help his horses when they are 
pulling a heavy load up or down a hill ? 


4 

MOUNTAINS AND VALLEYS 

Some hills are so very, very high that they have 
been called mo^mtains. What are the mountains near 
oui‘ city named ? Have you ever been to the top of 
one of these mountains? Describe the beautiful view 
from the summit. Did you see any wild creatures along 
the way? Tell about any trees and other plants that 
you noticed. 


FAMILIAR SURFACE FEATURES 


57 


When people build cities in mountain regions they 
generally place them in the low land between the high 
mountains. Why? This lower land is called a 
The people in the valley city can often look down their 
streets and see the mountains rising high and steej) 
beyond. Some mountains are covered with trees. At 



THE UPPER DELAWARE. 


places you may see great bare, rough rocks on the 
mountain side. The scenery is very beautiful. There 
are often streams and broad rivers down in the vallev. 

Many lumbermen work on the mountains. Why do 
they cut down the trees? The mountains give the 
miners work too. The men go far into the mines to 
bring out the useful minerals. Are there any mines 


58 


A HOME GEOUKAPHY 


in the mountains near our home? What do the miners 
take from these mines? 



AN OCEAN STEAMSHIP. 

(Copyright, 1911, William H. Ran, Philadelphia.) 

5 

RIVERS 

What river flows past our eity? Have you ever 
seen it? Where were you when you saw it? Hoav 
did it look ? What did you notiee along its banks ? 
What was on the river? Was there any way of cross- 
ing over to the opposite bank ? 



FAMILIAR SURFACE FEATURES 


59 


Did you see where the boats land ? Men have built 
many wharves on the banks of the rivers. If you stand 
on the wharf, you may see great ferry-boats crowded 
with [leople. Back and forth these boats go, carrying 
the people from one side of the river to the other. 

Sometimes great steamers come up the river. They 
have carried people, food and clothing on a long jour- 
ney. Some boats are loaded with coal or lumber. 
There are many pretty sailboats and rowboats too. 
In some you will see fishermen. They bring the fish 
back for the city people to eat. 

Before the city was built there was beautiful coun- 
try all along the banks. If you travel up the river, 
leaving the city far behind, you will see some fine 
scenery. Perhaps you will pass beautiful woods. 
Some of the trees bend over the river as if they were 
looking at their reflections in the clear water. At 
places there are broad fields where the cows come 
down to drink the cool water. Farther up there are 
hills or mountains rising far above the banks. You 
will notice that the river is growing narrower and nar- 
rower until it is but a small stream. If you go down 
the river again, you will see that it gradually widens 
as it flows on to the month. 

6 

Most cities get their water supply from a nearby 
river. Do you know where the water in your bath- 


60 


A HOMp; GEOGKAl’HY 



room comes Irom ? When you take a drink in our 
school-yard wluit water are you swallowing? How- 
does this w ater get to our home and sehool ? Pipes 
run under the streets from all of the eity buildings 
doAvn to the river. There are big i)uniping stations 
on the river bank to pump tlie water out of the 
I'iver through pii)es to the houses. Millions of gal- 
lons of w-ater 
are pumped 
each day into 
the homes, 
schools, mills 
and facto- 
ries. For 
what is this 
w^ater used ? 



PUBLIC LIBRARY, NEWARK, N. J. 

rlants need 

more than good soil to make them grow-. They wdll wTther 
and die unless they have plenty of rain to keep the earth 
soft and moist. There are many places in the w-orld 
wdiere no trees, nor grass, nor plants of any kind can 
grow-. This is because there is no w ater to wet the earth. 

We all know- that clouds bring the rain ; but how- 
do the clouds get the w-ater? Whenever there is 
w'ater on the earth, as in the rivei-s, the air is con- 
tinually draw-ing up the moisture in tiny invisible 



FAMILIAR SURFACE FEAFURKS 


61 


drops. This moisture rises in the air and forms 

clouds. When the clouds get very heavy, down comes 
the water which we call rain. In cold weather it 
is changed into snow. 

Where there are no livers there can be no rain, 
for the air cannot draw up moisture to form clouds. 



ELEPHANT IN THE ZOO.” 


Where there are many rivers there is plenty of rain, 
and the soil is kept fertile. Plants will grow in it. Do 
you see how our food, our clothing and our shelter are 
dependent upon rainfall ? Do you see how we are kept 
alive by rivers ? 

8 

Think of the many, many uses of rivers. There 
are thousands of useful rivers in the world. 




G2 


A HOME CiEOGRAl'llY 


What are the thi’ee great necessities of hunian life? 
How do rivers help us to get food and clothing and to 
build our homes and make them comfortable ? 

SOME USES OF RIVERS 

1. Water supply ; washing and drinking. 

2. Water power; Hour, textile and planing mills. 

3. Commerce ; transportation. 

4. Life ; fish, plants. 

5. Fertility of soil, rainfall. 

6. Beauty of scenery. 

9 

Look at the map of our city. See the lines that 
represent the river. Notice how it bends. Does it 
show where bridges cross it ? 

10 

THE OCEAN 

Have YOU ever stood on the beach and watched the 

*j 

big waves roll in ? The great ocean stretches away as 
far as you can see. It seems to meet the sky. The 
waves roll and break, and roll and break from morning 
till night forever. Where there are rocks along the 
shore the ocean dashes against them. The sjiarkling 
snowy s])ray then leaps high into the air with a boom 
and a swish ! 

Note to the Teacher . — See tlie details for studying about the oceans in 
Part II, Chapter I. 


FAMILIAR SURFACE FEATURES 



11 

ISLANDS AND PENINSULAS 

As you sail up the river you may see large portions' 
of land lying right out in the water. There are pieces 
of land lying out in the ocean too. The water lies 



THE OCEAN. 


around them on all sides. We call sucli ])ortions of 
land islands. If you were standing on the shore how 
could YOU go to an island which von saw out in the 

•z' C > ^ 

* 

water? How could you get there if you had no lioat? 
Some islands are joined to the shores by bridges. 

Many islands are no larger than this room. Others 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


64 

are so large that it would take days to travel around 
them. Whether they are large or small they have 
water entirely around them. 

Some of us have been to a large island that has 
been built up into a city. When the New York boys 
and girls want to leave their city they must either go 



PART OF A ROCKY ISLAND. 


in a boat, or over a bridge, or through a tunnel far 
under a river. Why? When you visit Atlantic City 
your train goes over a bridge into the city. 

12 

Look at some pictures of islands and notice how 
many l^inds there are. Some are all wooded. Others 


FAMILIAR SURFACE FEATURES 


65 


are covered with fields. Notice one tliat is rocky and 
steep, and another that is level and built into a city. 

Some islands are so large as to have many cities 
built upon them, and there are many farms and dense 
woods besides upon the same islands. Some have 
many rivers flowing through them. 

If you were on a large island, how could you prove 
that it was an island ? If you wanted to leave it, how 
could you do so? Notice on the map of our city 
whether a river with islands in it is shown. 


13 

Sometimes a piece of land has water flowing onl}'^ 
part way around it. If you take a boat and try to go 
all around it, you will come to a place where the boat 
cannot go because there is land there. This land that 
is nearly an island, but does not have the water com- 
pletely around it, is called a Where have 

you seen a peninsula? 


CHAPTER X 

DIRECTION 


A LESSON IN THE SCHOOL YARD AT NOON TIME 

Face the sun. We are facins: the south. Does the 
sun always lie south of us? Where was it early this 
morning when it arose ? That was east. Where will 
it be at sunset ? That is west. Move your hand to 
show the sun’s daily journey from east to south to 
west. The sun is south of us only at noon time. 

Face your shadow. Now the sun is behind you. 


WEST 

% 


north 


south 


EAST 


What direction is back of you ? You are facing north. 
Look at the shadows of the school, of the fence, of the 
])ole, and of all the other children. They are all fall- 
ing to the noi’tli. Can you make your shadow fall 
east or west or south? Why not? When only will 
shadows fall north ? Can you think of any time when 
the shadows would fall east or west ? Could they evei' 
fall south? Why not? 


DIRECTION 


67 


2 

Draw this diagram on the yard pavement, and 
mark the parts that are north, south, east and west. 
Stand at the middle of the cross. Face north. What 
is behind yon? What direction is at your right side 
and which is at your left side ? Learn these words : 

“When 1 face the north the south is behind me ; 
the east is at my right hand and the west is at my 
left hand.” 

If you pass a weather vane on your way home, see 
if you can read the letters on it and find out what 
they mean. 


3 


With soft chalk draw a line on your desk with one 
end toAvard the north and one end toward the south. 
Mark N for north and S for south. Draw a line across 
the middle of it, and mark E for east and W for Avest. 

What is north of you, south of you, east of you 
and west of a’ou? 


In what direction from you is your teacher’s desk? 
On Avhat side of you are the blackboards?-. On 
Avhich side are tlie AAundoAvs? 

Walk toAvard the north, toAvard the east, toward the 
south, toAA’ard the west. 

Which boy or girl is north of you ? Which pupil 

is west of vou ? 

% 

What is south of vour room? What is east of it? 


On AAduit side of your room is the 


corridor ? 



G8 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


which side is the street? On which side is the school 
yard ? 

What is north of vour teacher’s desk ? What is 
south of your teacher’s chair? What is west of the 
table? What is east of the aquarium? 


4 

Draw a plan of your desk. Mark north, south, 
east and west upon it. Hang it up with north at the 
toj). Draw a plan of your schoolroom. Mark the 



POINTS OF THE COMPASS. 


north, south, east and west. Hang up the plan with 
north at the top. 

Look at the plan of the city. We call it a map. 
Noiih is at the top. Find the rivers. At which side 
ol‘ the city are they ? 

Look at a ])lan of the entire school floor with all 
of the rooms and the corridor. How shall we hang it? 


5 

Men have made ]flans of the city, the country, and 
the whole world. These plans which show the land 


DIKECTION 


69 


and water arc called maps. On all maps north is 
usually at the top. 

Look at the map of the whole world. How can 
you tell which part means land and which means 
.water? What direction is at the to|) of the map, at 
the bottom, at the right side, and at the left side? 


6 

Sec where we tind the north-east, south-east, south- 
• west and north-west. 


PART TWO 



CHAPTER I 

THE EARTH AS A WHOLE 

1 

Long ago wise men found out that the great earth 
on which we live is not Hat, but round like a ball. It 


is so very large, and we see so small a part of it at one 
time, that it looks Hat to us. Take a piece of paper 
and tear out a small hole. Hold the hole over your 

73 


74 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


globe SO that a siiiall part of the surfaee shows through. 
Does the small pieee of the globe look very curved ? 

These men noticed ships sailing away across the 
water. When the ships were far away the lower part 
of the boat could not be seen. More and more dis- 
appeared till only the tops of the masts could be seen; 
and at last they were gone too. If you make a little 
l)aper boat and let it sail tiat across your desk and 
then try it over the globe, you can see how this proves 
that the earth is not flat. 

Did you ever see an eclipse of the moon? The big 
ix)und shadow was the earth’s shadow. Why was the 
shadow round? 

A globe shows the shape of the earth. 

2 

Look at all of the globes and maps in the room. 
Find how the land and the water are shown. Can you 
see any islands, any peninsulas? A tiny dot may 
mean the whole city with hundreds of homes, fac- 
tories and other buildings. Do you rememl)er how 
we looked down on the city from a great height and 
saw the many houses? Just think of this tiny dot 
meaning all of our city. 


3 

How are the rivers drawn ? Think of the great 
wide flowing river with its wharves and its boats. It 




south 


POLE 





THE EARTH AS A WHOLE 


75 


flows on for miles and miles. Some dav all of its 
water will reaeh the oeean. This little black line 
means all of that great broad river. 

Why do we have such tiny things to rei)resent such 
great things ? 

See this land called North America. It would 
take live days and nights in a fast express train 
to travel straight across it. 

4 

We can cut the globe in half and make a flat mait 
of the two parts side by side. 

Another name for the globe is sphere. “Henii” 
means “half,” so each half of the globe is called a 
“hemisphere.” 

One half is called the Eastern Hemisphere and the 
other half the Western Hemisphere. 

In the Western Hemisphere we have the Western 
Continent, which is America. This Western Continent 
is made of two grand divisions, North America and 
South America. Why are they so named ? We live 
in North America. Find our city and the river 
nearest to it. Noi'th America was joined to South 
America by a narrow strip of land called the Isthnus 
of Panama. Look at the map and think why millions 
of dollars have been spent through many years to cut 
through this isthmus. Now vessels can pass through 
this Panama Canal, 


76 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


Look at the ina[) of the Western Hemisphere and 
notiee what it contains besides the Western Continent 
of America. There is more water than land. This 
water forms the great oceans. 

Perhaps you have been to Atlantic City or some 
other seashore i)lace and have seen the Atlantic 
Ocean. Do you remcml)er the big waves which rolled 
in on the sandy beach and the pretty white-caps far 
out? Did you see the big nets drawn in full of hun- 
dreds of lish ? Perhaps you bathed in the ocean and 
got your mouth full of water. It did not taste like the 
water we drink, for it was salty. All of the water of the 
ocean is salt water, but the water of livers is fresh. 

The oceans are very large. It would take us five 
or six days and nights on a great steamer to cross to 
the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. In what direc- 
tion should we go ? 

5 

On the western side of America there is another 
great ocean, the Pacific Ocean. It has salt water like 
the Atlantic Ocean, and it also is constantly in motion 
with great waves. 

North of North America, in the intensely cold 
region, is the Arctic Ocean. Great masses of ice called 
icebergs and ice floes are floating through this ocean. 

Far south of South America is the Antarctic Ocean. 
It does not touch South America. It too is in a cold 
part of the world. 


THE EARTH AS A WHOLE 


77 


6 

Do 3 ’ou know of any people who came hei’e from 
England, Ireland, France, Germany, Italy or Kussia? 
Their homes were in the Eastern Hemisphere. The 
Eastern Hemisphere has a gieat mass of land called 
the Eastern Continent. The Eastei’n Continent is com- 
posed of three grand divisions, Europe, Asia and Africa. 

Find the great island named Australia. That is 
sometimes called the Australian Continent because it 
is so large. 


7 

The same oceans which are in the Western Hemi- 
sphere extend into the Eastern Hemisphere. Can you 
name them? The Eastern Hemisphere also contains 
the Indian Ocean, which is not in the Western Hemi- 
sphere. 

8 


1. How can people go from North America to 
Europe ? 

2. How do the Chinese, whose home is in Asia, 
come to America? 

3. Nearly all of the rubber which we use for auto- 

i 

mobile tires, overshoes, erasers, and hundreds of other 
articles comes from South America. Over what ocean 
does it come ? 

4. On what ocean did Feary sail on his journey to 
the North Foie ? 


78 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


5. When Amundsen searched for the South Pole, 
he started from an island near Australia. On what 
oceans did he sail ? 

6. When the first negroes were brought here from 
Africa over what ocean did they come ? 

7. What ocean trip is shortest from Africa to Asia ? 

8. Of what use is the ocean ? 

9. Which ocean can we reach most quickly from 
our home? How long would it take us to get to 
this ocean? 

10. How long would it take us to reach the Pacific 
Ocean ? 

Behold the sea, * * * splendid and strong, yet beautiful as the 

rose or the rainbow ; full of food, nourisher of man, purger of the world, 
creating a sweet climate.” — Emerson, 


CHAPTER II 

THE SEASONS 

1 

What kind of weather are we having now? What 
kind will we have in July, in December, in April, in 
October? 

What do we call the warm season ? What is 
the cold season? What are the mild seasons? 
How many seasons have we ? 


2 

What kind of clothing do we need in winter? 

What work in yonr home is different in winter from 
what is done in summer? What Season gives tlie 
school janitor most work? Why? 

If you have been to the park in winter you have 
seen how different it looks from the way it does in 
summer time. Tell how. In what ways do the city 
sti’eets differ in winter and in summer? 

Name some winter and some summer sports and 
games. 

There are certain kinds of industries which can be 
engaged in only in summer and some only in winter. 
Decide which of the following ai‘e summer and Avhich 


80 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



than one season; 


Ice ciittina: 

i. J 

Farming 

Lumbering 


Building 
Pi •eserving 
Fishing 


3 


What season do we have when the warm summer 
is over, and before the cold winter has set in? How 
do the city streets look tlien ? How do you think the 
farm looks then ? 

Autumn or fall is a busy time on the farm. The 
last of the vegetables must be taken in and stored 
away for the winter. The ripe apples and nuts must 
be gathered too. The corn is brought in from the fields 
and stored in the barns for the winter food of the farm 
animals. 


After the long cold winter is over the days grow 
gradually milder and warmer until spring has come. 
Are you glad when spring comes? Why? 

In your schoolroom you can tell when spring is 
here. How pleasant the air feels as it blows in through 
the window ! It seems to kiss us with its warm breath. 
You can hear the birds chirping as if they were happy. 
Perhaps a bee will buzz into the room. Many of the 
children will bring to school the dainty little spring 


4 


TTTR SEASONS 


81 


flowers, anemones, l>loo(l root, liepatica, violets and 
buttercups. 

Out in the country all nature is busy. The tree 
buds are swelling and bursting. The grass and flow- 
ers are springing up. The birds ai'e building their 
nests. The farmer is ploughing and planting his fields. 


CHAPTER III 


THE ZONES 

1 


All parts of the earth do not have seasons such as 
we have. If we should travel north we should find 
the cliinate growing colder and colder. After a long 
time we should come to a region of intense cold. The 
ground would be covered with ice and snow all the 
year through, both winter and summer. This most 
noi'thern part of the earth is called the North Pole. 
The region around it is the North Frigid Zone. There 
is a South Pole and a South Frigid Zone as cold as the 
northern one. You can see where they are on the 
diagram. 


If we start from here and take a trip south we 
find it constantlv scrowing warmer. At last we come 
to a place where it is extremely warm in both summer 
and winter. That regicm is called the Torrid Zone 
because “torrid ” means “hot.” This hot zone extends 
I'ight around the noddle ])art of the earth. The very 
hottest part through the middle is the Equator. 
Notice on the drawing that we live in a zone between 
the very cold region, or Frigid Zone, and the very 
warm region, or Torrid Zone. Oiir zone is called the 
Nortli Temperate Zone. We have here spring, summer, 


82 





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THE ZONES 


83 


autumn and Avinter. Our weatlier is seldom so cold 
as ill the Frigid Zones, nor so Avarm as in the 'Forrid 
Zone. Our spring and autumn are mild or temperate. 



Find the South Tem])erate Zone. Its climate is 
just like ours. What seasons do they Inwe there? 
What zone lies north of it and Avliich south of it? 
Copy the diagram of tlie zones in your note-hook. 


2 

THE TEMPERATE ZONE— OUR ZONE 

Most of the people of the AA'orld liA'e in one of the 
Temperate Zones, and most of the great cities are in 
these zones. Peojile can AA ork better here A\diere AA'e 
do not haA^e either intensely hot or intensely cold 
AA^eather all of the time. There are tAvo Temperate 


84 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 

Zones, the North Temperate Zone and the South Tem- 
perate Zone. In wliich do we live ? 

Some plants grow best in the Temperate Zones, 
while others live best in the Torrid Zone. Scarcely 
any grow in the Frigid Zones. Name all the plants 
you can think of that live in our zone. These plants 
grow during the summer and rest or die when winter 
comes. 

SOME PLANTS OF THE TEMPERATE ZONES 


Poplar 

^Fruit trees 

Maj)le 

Wheat 

Chestnut 

Com 

Oak 

Cotton 

Walnut 

Farm vegetables 

Pine 

Familiar garden plants 


None of these plants can grow well in either the 
intense cold of the Frigid Zones or the gieat heat of 
the Torrid Zone. 


3 

Many animals live better in our zone than in any 
other zone. They need temperate climate. 

SOME ANIMALS OF THE TEMPERATE ZONES 


Horse 

Squirrel 

Cow 

Beai‘ 

Sheej) 

M^olf 

Pig 

Kal)bit 


/ 


THE ZONES 85 


Cat 

Fox 

Dog 

Deer 

Zebra 

Buffalo 

Giraffe 

Goat 


Which are domestic and which are wild animals? 
Describe each and tell how it is useful to man. 



ZEBRA. 


4 

THE HOT ZONE 

If we take a long trip to the south we find it grow- 
ing warmer and warmer until at last we have reached 
a land where it is warm all the year through. This is 
the Torrid Zone. 

The plants do not rest nor die in winter there, for 
there is no cold weather. These plants keep right on 
growing through .the year. Many of the trees grow 
very, very high and have tremendous leaves. 


86 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


In some cities there are large greenhouses where 
the Torrid Zone plants are raised. The tenipei'ature 
must be kept as warm there as in the Torrid Zone. 
These are some of the Torrid or Hot Zone })lants : 
Palm Rubber Giant ferns 

Coffee Bamboo Banana 



IN THE TORRID ZONE. 


In the forests of the Hot Zone the trees scrow verv 
close together. The sunlight cannot shine through. 
It is impossible toAvalk through these forests without 
first ehopping out a pathway Avith a hatchet, 

5 

In these forests liA^e many of the fieree animals 
AA'hieh you have seen in cages in the Zoological Gar- 
dens or at the circus. 

SOME AM.MALS OF THE TORRID ZONE 

Moidvcy Elephant Camel Snake 



) 


THE ZONES 


87 


Lion 

Tiger 

Leopard 


Parrot 
Kliinoceros 
Wild Cat 


Describe these and tell of what use they are. 



A TROPICAL JUNGLE. 

Why are some of the buildings in the Zoological 
Gardens so warm ? 

6 

The Torrid Zone was the first home of the negroes 
before they were brought to America. There are many 




88 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


negroes and Indians living in the Hot Zone noAv. Many 
are but lialf-eivilized. Some are savage. As they do 
not need large warm homes like ours, some live in small 
huts made of the branches of trees, earth and straw. 
A feAv of these homes together make a village. These 
pcoi)le get their food by hunting in the forest and fish- 
ing in the rivers and ocean. They also eat the fruits 
that grow wild in the forests. There are some cities 
in the Torrid Zone, but none of them are very large. 
These cities have been built mostly by the civilized 
white people. The streets are often shaded Avith 
beautiful palm trees. The buildings are generally 
small, as tlie i>eople live and Avork out of doors as 
much as possible. 


AVHAT THE TEMPERATE AND TORRID ZONES DO FOR EACH OTHER 

The people living in the Torrid Zone send to us 
Temperate Zone people many useful things that do not 
groAv here. These are some of them : 

Cocoanuts Chocolate 

Bananas Pepiier 

Coffee Palm leaA'es 

Rubber Mahogany 

In return the Temperate Zone people send to the 
Torrid Zone inhabitants things that they do not haA^e. 
In the Hot Zone there are no large factories in Avhich 
to manufacture goods, so Ave send there: 


THE ZONES 


Farm tools 
Woven goods 
Books 



Guns 

Knives 

Clothing 


8 

THE COLD ZONES 

At the most northern part of the earth and at the 
most southern part are regions of intense cold. The 





AN ESKIMO FAMILY. 


earth is entirely covered with ice and snow all of the 
year. The water is tilled with masses of floating ice 
and snow. Our coldest winter days are not nearly so 
cold as the climate of the North and South Frigid 



90 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


Zones. 


It is even liard to tell which is land and which 



is water. 

Of course no trees, nor grass, nor plants, nor 

animals, nor people of 
any kind can live in that 
intense cold. At the 
[)arts near the Temper- 
ate Zones, where it is 
slightly warmer, there are 
some very small dwarfed 
trees not more than a 
foot or two high, and per- 
haps a little moss. It is 
here that the Eskimos 
live; but most of the 
North Fi-igid Zone and 
the South Frigid Zone 
is a stretch of frozen 
whiteness on all sides, 
with no living thing of 
any kind. During the 
summer the sun never sets, so that there is twilight 
all night. In winter the sun never rises above the 
horizon, so there are months of darkness. 

These frozen lands are the regions through which 
so many brave explorers have traveled trying to find 
the most northern part called the North Pole, and the 
most southern part, the South Pole. Many of these 


ESKIMO BOY. 


THE ZONES 


91 


learless men have never returned from the Frigid 
Zones. They have starved or been frozen to 
death. 

At last, after trying for twenty-seven years, Kobert 
E. Peary, an American, reached the North Pole on 
April 6, 1909. All Americans are veiy proud of this 
brave, determined, fearless man, who would not stop 
until he had done what he set out to do. 

Roald Amundsen, a brave Norwegian, reached the 
South Pole on December 14, 1911, after suffering many 
hardships. 


9 

Pearv has wiltten a book in which he tells about 

c/ 

his travels. U[) in the north he met the Eskimos, who 
belong to the Indian family. They Ha c in. snow hoiises 
in the Avintcr. In summer, which is also very cold, they 
live in skin tents. These Eskimos dress in Avarm furs. 
They have no schools nor churches, but they are a 
kind and peaceful people. They are very good to the 
Avhite explorers in the north. 

The Eskimo traA^els mostly on foot, but carries loads 
on sledges draAvn by dogs. The Eskimo’s dogs are his 
best friends. Without them he could not manage to 
carry home the animals he kills for food and clothing. 
He also uses boats Avhich he makes of skins. 

Many of the Filgid Zone animals are covered Avith 
heavy fur. Why? 


92 


A HOME 0P:0GKA1'HY 


SOME FRIGID ZONE ANIMALS 

Dog Polar Bear Seal 

Koindeer Whale Penguin 


10 

AVHAT THE FRIGID AND TEMPP:RATE Z0NP>5 DO P'OR EACH OTHER 

Men 2,0 to the Fri 2 id Zones and catch seals and 
other animals and bring back the skins for the Tem- 
perate Zone [)eople. 

The whale, which lives in the ocean of the Frigid 
Zone, is also very useful. From it we get the wliale- 
bone, oil and also a fertilizer to help our fann crops to 
grow. Great quantities of whale meat are eaten l)y 
some peo[)le of the Temi)erate Zones. 

The Eskimos of the Frigid Zone are glad to have 
li'om the Temperate Zones manufactured articles like 
[)ans, knives and guns. 


11 

1. What kinds of people did you see in the lantern 
exhibition ? 

2. Why are the Temperate Zone people more eivil- 
ized than the Frigid Zone people? 

3. Name some animals of eaeh zone. 

4. In whieh zones is it best to live ? Why ? 

5. As you sit at your desk point toward the North 
Pole, toward the South Frigid Zone, the North Frigid 
Zone, the South Temperate Zone, the Equator, the 
South Pole, the Torrid Zone. 


CHAPTER IV 

NORTH AMERICA 

1 

Find our city on the map of North America. 
Locate it on all of our maps and globes. 

North America is a very large portion of land. 
You could sail along its shores for thousands of miles. 
At its widest part you could not cross it in a fast- 
express train in less than five days and nights. Tliere 
are thousands of cities in this great grand division, 
for there are millions of people here. Most of them 
are white or Caucasian. There are also many Indians, 
negroes, Eskimos and Mongolians. 

Much of the land is dense forest, and much is 
fertile farm land. A small part has so few rivers and 
such a scarcitv of rainfall that the land is di’v and 

•/ t'' 

arid. Little grows u])on it but coarse gi’ass and cactus. 
This region is called a desert. 

2 

North America stretches far u]') north into the 
Noi’th Fi'igid Zone and far south into the Torrid Zone, 
but most of it lies in the North Tempei*ate Zone. 
What plants and animals live in North America? It 
is separated from Asia by a narrow strip of water called 
Behring Strait. How did North America used to be 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


94 

connected witli Sontli America? Why is the separa- 
tion called a canal and not an isthmus? 



3 

Three great oceans wash the shores of North Amer- 
ica. N a 111 e 
them. The 
coast line is 
very irregu- 
lar. Notice 
on the map 
that at places, 
part of tlie 
ocean ex- 
tends far into 
the land, 
forming gvlfs 
and h a y .<? . 
Hudson Bay, 
Gulf of Mex- 
ico and Gulf 
of St. Law- 
rence are 
all parts of 

ATLANTIC CITY LIGHTHOUSE. Wllicll OCGtlll? 

The waves are not so high in the hays and gulfs as in 
the open ocean. The land keeps otf some of the wind. 
Vessels that are waiting to he laden with cargo lie in 
these sheltered gulfs and hays. Why ? 


NORTH AMERICA 


95 


At many places along the shore the land juts out 
into the ocean in capes. Many of these points of land 
have special names. Look on the map for them. 
There are light houses built on most of these capes to 
warn the ships in the dark and in the storms to keep 
away from the dangerous rocks and shore. A cape is 
often a pleasant place for a summer home. There is 
so much water around it that the sea breezes sweep 
across it and make it delightfully cool. 


Do you remember how we spoke of the river with 
its many boats and steamers? There are hundreds 
of rivers in North America flowing for miles until at 
last they reach the ocean. 


There are many high hills, some so veiy high as 
to be called momifains. There is a chain ' of these 
mountains called the Eastern Highlands along the 
eastern part of North Amei’ica. They extend for 
many miles north and south. The scenery in this 
region is verv beautiful. The mountains are covered 
mostly with forests of pine, spruce, oak, maple, chest- 
nut and other trees. These are cut down for lumber. 
In the wilder parts of these forests live squiiT-els, rab- 
bits, bears and snakes. At places the trees have been 
cut down to make room for fields of grain. 


96 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



SURFACE MAP OP NORTH AMERICA 



NOKTII AMERICA 


97 


The mountains are full of useful minerals. Great 
quantities of coal and iron are mined in the Eastern 
Highlands. 

6 

The highest mountains in North America are the 
Western Highlands in the western part. One great 
chain or range extends the entire length of North 
America from the Arctic Ocean down into South 
America. Great forests grow on these mountains. 
In many places are huge masses of rock on which 
nothing grows, so this range has been called the Eocky 
Mountains. It is always bitter cold at the top of some 
of these mountains because they reach so high. Even 
in summer they are capped with snow. Nowhere in 
the world can more magnificent scenery be found. 

West of the Eocky Mountains is the Pacific Moun- 
tain System. 

Gold and silver are mined in the Western High- 
lands, In the wild parts of the forests, where no 
people live, deer, wolves and bears may be found. 

The low land between the mountains we call ])/ams 
or valleys. There is a Great Central Plain which 
reaches from the Eastern Highlands to the Western 
Highlands. There are many rivers in this valley. 
The Mississippi and the Missouri Eivers are the 


98 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


8 

You remember liow rivers make rainfall and fertile 
soil. The Great Central Plain has some of the best 
farm land in the world. In the northern cold part 
hardly anything grows, but in the central part great 
quantities of corn, grain, fruits and vegetables are 



SHEEP ON THE PLAINS. 


raised. In the south the plantations or farms raise 
sugar cane, cotton, tobacco, rice and coffee. 

On the western plains great herds of thousands of 
sheep and cattle are raised. 

In the Great Central Plain are hundreds of cities 
where the farm products are sold. Here, too, the 
farmers buy the farm tools and machinery which they 


NORTH AMERICA 


99 


need. In the cities the wheat is ground into Hour 
and the logs from the forests are sawed into planks or 
made into furniture. The cattle and sheep are killed 
and the meat prepared for our use. 

9 

East of the central part of the Great Central Plain 
are five of the largest lakes in the world. When you 
are in a boat in the middle of any one of them you 
cannot see the land on any side. They are called the 
Great Lakes. Their names are Superior, Michigan, 
Huron, Erie and Ontario. They are all joined to- 
gether, and from the last a large river runs into the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence. It has the same name as the 
gulf. 

There are many other smaller lakes in Nortli 
America where the land is low and the water from the 
rivers and streams fills up the hollows. Nearly all 
have fresh water like the rivers. A very, few, like 
Great Salt Lake, contain salt water. 


CHAPTER V 

COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA 

1 

North America contains several different countries. 
Each is under a separate government. These countries 
are United States, British America, Danish America, 

f 

Mexico and Central America. Each country has its 
own ruler and its own laws. Each has a special flag 
and its own kind of money and postage stamps. 

2 

THE UNITED STATES 

We live in the best one of these countries, for we 
have the best ways of obtaining our food, our clothing 
and our shelter. Our climate is good, for we are in 
the North Temperate Zone. Our soil is very fertile. 
The Great Central Plain of North America passes 
through the central part of the United States. We 
raise fruits, vegetables, corn, wheat, rice and sugar for 
food. We have immense ranches for raising cows and 
sheep too. Our clothing is sujiplied l)y the thousands 
of sheep we raise and from the cotton we grow here. 
Tlie Western and Eastern Highlands pass through our 
country. 

We have a great quantity of lumber, stone, coal 

and iron for making our comfortable homes. In what 
100 



POATES CO., N.Y. 











( 


COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA 101 

part of the country is each of these products obtained V 
Why ? Right in our own United States is found nearly 
everything that is necessary to make us comfortable 
and happy. 



COTTON FIELD. 


We have hundreds of cities with homes, factories, 
schools, hospitals and churches. Over every public 
building floats our beautiful flag, the Stars and Stripes. 

Our laws are made in the capital, which is named 
Washington, after George Washington, our first presi- 
dent. Find Washington on the map. How long 
would it take to go to Washington from our home ? 


102 


A HOMP: GEO(iRAI’I[Y 


It is a beautiful city. The Cajiitol building is one of 
the finest in the world. The President of the United 
States lives in the White House. 

Alaska, in tlie north-west, and the island of Porto 
Rico, in the south-east, belong to the United States. 

We own other islands in 
other parts of the world. 

3 

British Amer ica is our 
next neighbor on the 
north. It includes all 
of the Dominion of Can- 
ada and the Island of 
Newfoundland. It be- 
longs to England or Great 
Britain in Europe. 

The Great Central Plain 
and the Western High-, 
lands pass through it, and 
yet it is not a rich country with many people like the 
United States. Can you tell why ? 

There are large crops of fruit and grain in the 
southern part only of British America. In this part 
only are there any large cities. The few peoide in the 
northern part go there to hunt the animals for furs 
and to find gold. Many whales live in the cold waters 
of the Atlantic Ocean and Hudson Bay. Are they of 
use to man ? 



COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA 


103 


4 

Danish America is the name given to the two 
islands Greenland and Iceland, because they belong 
to Denmark, a country of Europe. 

Greenland lies in which zones? What kind of 
climate has it ? A few white people and some Eskimos 
live in the southern part. The northern part has no 
life at all. 

What do you know of the people, the plants and 
the animals of this region ? 

In what zone is Iceland ? Why is the climate very 
cold ? Many lish are caught in the ocean around Ice- 
land. The people on the island are able to raise little 
but grass to feed their sheep and cattle. 

There are many mountains in Iceland. Some of 
them send out steam and melted rock and are called 
volcanoes. 

5 

Alexico is our southern neighbor. This country has 
a president and a government somewhat like ours. 

Both Indians and white people live in Mexico. 
The climate is so warm in the valleys that the people 
living there cannot work so hard as they do in the 
United States. So they do not have large factories 
and many fine schools, hospitals and libraries as we 
have. Why do they not build these on the mountains 
where the climate is pleasant ? 

They have large plantations where they raise 


104 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


rubber, sugar, cotton, coffee, tobacco and fruit and 
many cattle. 

The great Western Highlands extend down through 
Mexico, and silver, copper and coal are mined in them. 
Some of these mountains are volcanoes. What does 
this mean ? 

6 

Central America is still warmer than Mexico. It 
is entirely in what zone? Tlic })lants and animals arc 
much like those of Mexico. 

7 

The West Indies consist of manv islands. The 

%/ 

largest are Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica and Porto Kico. 
Which belongs to the United States ? These islands 
have a warm climate. What do you think is raised 
on the plantations by the white people and negroes? 

The West Indies separate a part of the ocean from 
the main Atlantic Ocean. This smaller part is called 
the Caribbean Sea. Notice what countries it touches. 


CHAPTER VI 

TRIPS 

1 

Suppose you were to sail from New York City to 
leeland. 

1. What would you take with you that the people 
would be glad to get ? 

2. What kind of clothing would you need for the 
trip ? 

3. Over what water would you sail? 

4. In what direction would you go ? 

5. What countries would you pass ? 

6. How could you tell when you were getting near 
Iceland ? 

7. What would you see in Iceland ? 

8. Could you bring back to the people at home 
anything useful ? 

2 

Let us go to visit the Panama Canal, keeping our 

vessel close to the shore all the way. 

*1 . 

1. What clothing shall we need ? Why ? 

2. What countries shall we pass ? What islands, 
peninsulas and capes ? 

3. On what water shall we sail ? 


105 


106 


A HOME GEOGRAPHY 


4. What would the i)Cople be glad to liave from our 
city ? 

5. Where could we stop to get some coffee, rubber 
and bananas to bring back? 

3 

Plan a trip along the Pacific Ocean. 

1. Where ivill you start? 

2. Where will you go ? 

3. What will you see at the place from which you 
start and at the end of the trip ? 

4. What interesting places will you pass ? 

Let us cross our country by train from the Atlantic 
Coast to the Pacific Coast. 

1. How long shall we be on the train ? 

2. Describe the scenery as we go west. 

3. What rivers shall we cross? 

4. What kinds of industries could we visit on the 
way across ? 

5 

How far can a boat sail if it starts in the Gulf of 
St. Lawrence to go as far west as possible ? 

6 

A trip up the Mississippi Elver. 

1. How would the climate change? 


I 


TRirS 


107 


2. What name is given to this part of the land 
through which the river flows? 

3. What scenes could we expect to see on the 
shores of the river ? 

4. What products would the boats we pass be 
carrying ? 



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